Steroid substrate-induced epimerase mechanism in the active site of the human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

Cytochrome P4507B1 7[alpha]-hydroxylates dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), epiandrosterone (EpiA) and 5[alpha]-androstane-3[beta],17[beta]-diol (Adiol). 11[beta]-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11[beta]-HSD1) interconverts 7[alpha]- and 7[beta]- forms. Whether the inter-conversion proceeds through oxido-reductive steps or epimerase activity is investigated. Experiments using ^3^H-labeled 7[beta]-hydroxy-DHEA, 7[beta]-hydroxy-EpiA and 7[beta]-hydroxy-Adiol show the ^3^H-label to accumulate in 7-oxo-DHEA trap but neither in 7-oxo-EpiA nor 7-oxo-Adiol traps. Computed models of 7-oxygenated steroids dock in the active site of 11[beta]-HSD1 either in a flipped or turned form relative to cortisone and cortisol. 7-Oxo-steroid reduction in 7[alpha]- or 7[beta]-hydroxylated derivatives results from either turned or flipped forms. 11[beta]-HSD1 incubation in H~2~^18^O medium with each 7-hydroxysteroid did not incorporate ^18^O in 7-hydroxylated derivatives of EpiA and Adiol independently of the cofactor used. Thus oxido-reductive steps apply for the interconversion of 7[alpha]- and 7[beta]-hydroxy-DHEA through 7-oxo-DHEA. Epimerisation may proceed on the 7-hydroxylated derivatives of EpiA and Adiol through a mechanism involving the cofactor and Ser170

Evaluation et application de méthodes de criblage in silico

Lors de la conception de médicaments, le criblage in silico est de plus en plus utilisé et lesméthodes disponibles nécessitent d'être évaluées. L'évaluation de 8 méthodes a mis enévidence l'efficacité des méthodes de criblage in silico et des problèmes de construction de labanque d'évaluation de référence (DUD), la conformation choisie pour les sites de liaisonn'étant pas toujours adaptée à tous les actifs. La puissance informatique actuelle le permettant,plusieurs structures expérimentales ont été choisies pour tenter de mimer la flexibilité dessites de liaison. Un autre problème a été mis en évidence : les métriques d'évaluation desméthodes souffrent de biais. De nouvelles métriques ont donc été proposées, telles queBEDROC et RIE. Une autre alternative est proposée ici, mesurant la capacité prédictive d'uneméthode en actifs. Enfin, une petite molécule active sur le TNFa in vitro et in vivo sur souris aété identifiée par un protocole de criblage in silico. Ainsi, malgré le besoin d'amélioration desméthodes, le criblage in silico peut être d'un important soutien à l'identification de nouvellesmolécules a visée thérapeutique.Since the introduction of virtual screening in the drug discovery process, the number ofvirtual screening methods has been increasing and available methods have to be evaluated.In this work, eight virtual screening methods were evaluated in the DUD database, showingadequate efficiency. This also revealed some shortcomings of the DUD database as thebinding site conformation used in the DUD was not relevant for all the actives.As computational power now permits to address this issue, classical docking runs have beenperformed on several X-ray structures, used to represent the binding site flexibility. This alsorevealed that evaluation metrics show some biases. New evaluation metrics have thus beenproposed, e.g. BEDROC and RIE. An alternative method was also proposed usingpredictiveness curves, based on compound activity probabilityFinally, a virtual screening procedure has been applied to TNFa. A small molecule inhibitor,showing in vitro and in vivo activity in mice, has been identified. This demonstrated the valueof virtual screening for the drug discovery process, although virtual screening methods needto be improved.PARIS-CNAM (751032301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evidence After Imputation for a Role of MICA Variants in Nonprogression and Elite Control of HIV Type 1 Infection

Past genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving individuals with AIDS have mainly identified associations in the HLA region. Using the latest software, we imputed 7 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/indels of the 1000 Genomes Project from the GWAS-determined genotypes of individuals in the Genomics of Resistance to Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS nonprogression cohort and compared them with those of control cohorts. The strongest signals were in MICA, the gene encoding major histocompatibility class I polypeptide-related sequence A (P = 3.31 × 10−12), with a particular exonic deletion (P = 1.59 × 10−8) in full linkage disequilibrium with the reference HCP5 rs2395029 SNP. Haplotype analysis also revealed an additive effect between HLA-C, HLA-B, and MICA variants. These data suggest a role for MICA in progression and elite control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectio

Gemini multi-conjugate adaptive optics system review II: Commissioning, operation and overall performance

The Gemini Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics System - GeMS, a facility instrument mounted on the Gemini South telescope, delivers a uniform, near diffraction limited images at near infrared wavelengths (0.95 microns- 2.5 microns) over a field of view of 120 arc seconds. GeMS is the first sodium layer based multi laser guide star adaptive optics system used in astronomy. It uses five laser guide stars distributed on a 60 arc seconds square constellation to measure for atmospheric distortions and two deformable mirrors to compensate for it. In this paper, the second devoted to describe the GeMS project, we present the commissioning, overall performance and operational scheme of GeMS. Performance of each sub-system is derived from the commissioning results. The typical image quality, expressed in full with half maximum, Strehl ratios and variations over the field delivered by the system are then described. A discussion of the main contributor to performance limitation is carried-out. Finally, overheads and future system upgrades are described.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA